Hidden reaction pathways illuminate additive engineering for perovskite LEDs

Kim, JS et al. Ultra bright, efficient and stable perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nature 611688-694 (2022).

Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar

Liu, X.-K. et al. Metal halide perovskites for light-emitting diodes. Nat. Master. 2010-21 (2021).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Yuan, S. et al. Efficient blue electroluminescence from small perovskites. Nat. Photonics 18425-431 (2024).

Article CAS ADS Google Scholar

Wei, K. et al. Perovskite heteroepitaxy for high-efficiency and stable pure red LEDs. Nature 638949-956 (2025).

Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar

Kong, L. et al. Fabrication of perovskite LEDs emitting in the red by stabilizing their octahedral structure. Nature 63173-79 (2024).

Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar

Li, M. et al. Accelerating radiative recombination for efficient perovskite LEDs. Nature 630631-635 (2024).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar

Guo, B. et al. Ultrastable perovskite light-emitting diodes in the near infrared. Nat. Photonics 16637-643 (2022).

Article CAS ADS Google Scholar

Sun, Y. et al. Bright and stable perovskite light-emitting diodes in the near-infrared range. Nature 615830-835 (2023).

Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar

Baek, S.-D. et al. Grain engineering for efficient near-infrared perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Common. 1510760 (2024).

Article PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar

Yi, C. et al. Step-up charge transport layer for stable perovskite light-emitting diodes. Av. Maître. 362400658 (2024).

CAS article Google Scholar

Li, Z. et al. Eliminating the negative impact of compositional modulation in perovskite light-emitting diodes toward ultra-high brightness and stability. Av. Maître. 362313981 (2024).

CAS article Google Scholar

Li, Z. et al. Grain orientation management and recombination suppression for ultra-stable PeLEDs with record brightness. Joule 81176-1190 (2024).

CAS article Google Scholar

Liu, Y. et al. Synergistic passivation and dimensionally scaled perovskite analogs enable high-efficiency near-infrared light-emitting diodes. Nat. Common. 137425 (2022).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar

Li, Z. et al. Very bright perovskite light-emitting diodes enabled by delayed Auger recombination. Nat. Common. 16927 (2025).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar

Cao, Y. et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on spontaneously formed structures at the submicrometer scale. Nature 562249-253 (2018).

Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar

Stranks, SD & Snaith, HJ Metal halide perovskites for photovoltaic and electroluminescent devices. Nat. Nanotechnology. 10391-402 (2015).

Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar

Chu, Z. et al. Quasi-two-dimensional perovskite-based blue light-emitting diodes with efficient charge injection and optimized phase distribution via an alkali metal salt. Nat. Electron. 6360-369 (2023).

CAS article Google Scholar

Qin, J. et al. Surfactant-induced hole concentration enhancement for highly efficient perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Master. 24778-784 (2025).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Li, H. et al. Nanosurface reconstructed perovskite for highly efficient and stable active matrix light-emitting diode display. Nat. Nanotechnology. 19638-645 (2024).

Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar

Lin, K. et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes with external quantum efficiency greater than 20 percent. Nature 562245-248 (2018).

Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar

Fakharuddin, A. et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Electron. 5203-216 (2022).

CAS article Google Scholar

Dong, J. et al. Multivalent immobilization of small-scale perovskites for efficient and spectrally stable deep blue light-emitting diodes. Nat. Nanotechnology. 20507-514 (2025).

Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar

Bai, W. et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes with external quantum efficiency greater than 30%. Av. Maître. 352302283 (2023).

CAS article Google Scholar

Feng, SC et al. Efficient and stable red perovskite light-emitting diodes via thermodynamic crystallization control. Av. Maître. 362410255 (2024).

CAS article Google Scholar

Minotto, A. et al. Towards efficient fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes in the near infrared. Lightweight saw. Appl. 1018 (2021).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar

Zhao, Av. Maître. 342206409 (2022).

CAS article Google Scholar

Li, B. et al. Efficient and stable InAs quantum dot light-emitting diodes in the near infrared. Nat. Common. 162450 (2025).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar

Zhang, F. & Zhu, K. Additive engineering for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Av. Energy material. 101902579 (2020).

CAS article Google Scholar

Wang, S. et al. Additive crystallization enhancement: strategies and perspectives for increasing photoluminescence quantum yields in perovskite halide films for light-emitting diodes. Av. Maître. 362413673 (2024).

CAS article Google Scholar

Feng, W. et al. Small amines bring great benefits to solar cells and perovskite-based light-emitting diodes. Chemistry 8351-383 (2022).

CAS article Google Scholar

Fu, C. et al. From structural design to functional construction: amine molecules in high-performance formamidinium perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chemical. Int. Ed. 61e202117067 (2022).

CAS article Google Scholar

Xu, Y. et al. Impact of amine additives on the aging of perovskite precursors: a case study of light-emitting diodes. J.Phys. Chemical. Lett. 125836-5843 (2021).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Hu, J., Kerner, RA, Pelczer, I., Rand, BP & Schwartz, J. Organoammonium ion-based perovskites can degrade to Pb⁰ via amine–Pb(II) coordination. ACS Energy Lett. 62262-2267 (2021).

CAS article Google Scholar

Kuang, C. et al. Critical role of additive-induced molecular interaction on the operational stability of perovskite light-emitting diodes. Joule 5618-630 (2021).

CAS article Google Scholar

Cho, C. et al. The role of photon recycling in perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Common. 11611 (2020).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar

Crothers, TW et al. Photon reabsorption masks intrinsic bimolecular recombination of charge carriers in CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite. Nano Lett. 175782-5789 (2017).

Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar

Yuan, Y. et al. Shallow defects and variable photoluminescence decay times up to 280 µs in triple-cation perovskites. Nat. Master. 23391-397 (2024).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Sun, X. et al. Regulating surface-passivator bond priority for efficient perovskite light-emitting diodes. Av. Maître. 362400347 (2024).

CAS article Google Scholar

Zhu, L. et al. Unveiling additive-assisted oriented growth of perovskite crystallite for high-performance light-emitting diodes. Nat. Common. 125081 (2021).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar

Guo, Y. et al. Passivation with phenylalkylammonium makes it possible to obtain perovskite light-emitting diodes with a record operational lifespan at high radiation: the length of the chain matters. Nat. Common. 12644 (2021).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar

Baek, S.D., Kwon, D.-K., Kim, Y.C. and Myoung, J.-M. Violet light-emitting diodes based on p-CuI/n-MgZnO thin-film quantum dot heterojunction. ACS app. Master. Interfaces 126037-6047 (2020).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar